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THE GENOGRAPHIC PROJECT

Last post 04-30-2008, 12:08 AM by zymry. 6 replies.
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  •  10-16-2006, 5:55 PM

    THE GENOGRAPHIC PROJECT

     

     

    THE GENOGRAPHIC PROJECT


    The National Geographic Society and IBM are embarking on a groundbreaking research initiative that will trace the migratory history of the human species.
     
    The Genographic Project will use sophisticated laboratory and computer analysis of DNA contributed by hundreds of thousands of people, including indigenous peoples and members of the general public, to map how the Earth was populated.  Led by National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence Spencer Wells, Ph.D., a team of international scientists and IBM researchers will collect genetic samples, analyze results and report on the genetic roots of modern humans.
     
    With funding from the Waitt Family Foundation, the scientists will establish 10 centers around the world. The project is expected to reveal rich details about global human migratory history and to drive new understanding about the connections and differences that make up the human species. 
     
    The resulting public database will house one of the largest collections of human population genetic information ever assembled and will serve as an unprecedented resource for geneticists, historians and anthropologists.

    Genographic Project Swab Kit   
     
     
      You too are able to participate in the Genographic Project by purchasing a kit and allowing your results to be included in the database. You will be able to follow the progress of your own migratory history as well as the global research by logging on to nationalgeographic.com/genographic.
     

     


    Order a Kit
    The Participation Kit costs U.S. $99.95 (plus shipping and handling and tax if applicable). The kit includes:

      1.   DVD with a Genographic Project overview hosted by Dr. Spencer Wells, visual instructions on how to collect a DNA sample using a cheek scraper, and a bonus feature program: the National Geographic Channel/PBS production The Journey of Man. 
      2.   Exclusive National Geographic map illustrating human migratory history and created especially for the launch of the Genographic Project.
      3.   Buccal swab kit, instructions, and a self-addressed envelope in which to return your cheek swab sample. (You can download a pdf of instructions or the consent form. You will need Acrobat Reader.)
      4.   Detailed brochure about the Genographic Project, featuring stunning National Geographic photography
      5.   Confidential Genographic Project ID # (GPID) to anonymously access your results at this Web site


    The purchase price also includes the cost of the testing and analysis—an expensive process—that will take place once your sample is sent in.

    Return Your Kit
    Once you have completed the cheek scraping process, you will secure the scrapers inside the transport tubes, sign the informed consent form and mail the tubes and form off to the lab.

    That's it! In about eight weeks—the time necessary for the laboratory to correctly analyze your DNA—your results will be ready. Note that in some cases inconclusive results require us to do additional testing to determine your haplogroup. This may add several weeks to the process. In the meantime, visit the Web site to see where your sample is in the analysis process.

    Get Your Results
    Samples will be analyzed for genetic "markers" found in mitochondrial DNA and on the Y chromosome. We will be performing ONE OF two tests for each public participant:

      Males: Y-DNA test. This test allows you to identify your deep ancestral geographic origins on your direct paternal line.
     
       
      Females: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). This tests the mtDNA of females to identify the ancestral migratory origins of your direct maternal line.
     


    To be clear—these tests are not conventional genealogy. Your results will not provide names for your personal family tree or tell you where your great grandparents lived. Rather, they will indicate the maternal or paternal genetic markers your deep ancestors passed on to you and the story that goes with those markers.

    Once your results are posted, you will be able to learn something about that story and the journey of your ancestors. The genetic profile you receive is more than a static set of data. It is like an ongoing subscription to your genetic history. Your profile might become more detailed as the Genographic Project amasses more data from around the world, so be sure to return to the Genographic Project Web site for project updates.

    Public participation is critical to the Project's success. By purchasing a Genographic Project Public Participation Kit, you will not only contribute to the impact of this great endeavor, but you may discover something about your own genetic past as well.


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  •  04-27-2008, 8:59 AM

    The Last 2,000 people on Earth...


     
          
         
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    After Near Extinction, Humans Split Into Isolated Bands

    Amitabh Avasthi
    for National Geographic News
    April 24, 2008
     

    After nearly going extinct 150,000 years ago, humankind split into small groups—living in isolation for nearly a hundred thousand years before "reuniting" and migrating out of Africa, a new gene study says. At one point our species may have been down to as few as 2,000 individuals, probably due to climate change—a longstanding theory bolstered by the new findings.


    The research fills a gap in our understanding of what was happening in Africa before humans first left the continent.

    "The assumption has always been that the original population [in sub-Saharan Africa] was very small but probably a single population," said Spencer Wells, head of the Genographic Project, which oversaw the study.

    "Turns out, that is not the case."

    The study appears in the current issue of the American Journal of Human Genetics.

    Separate Ways

    Around 200,000 years ago, modern humans emerged as a distinct species. All people alive today can trace their ancestry back to these humans, according to previous studies.

    By the time the first great migrations out of Africa began, around 60,000 years ago, humanity had split into distinct populations with unique genetic lineages.

    So what happened between 200,000 years ago and 60,000 years ago?

    To find out, Wells and his colleagues analyzed 624 complete genomes of mitochondrial DNA—which is passed down from mothers—from various indigenous populations across sub-Saharan Africa. A genome is a person's complete set of DNA (quick overview of human genetics).
     
     
    The researchers tracked mutations in genetic samples. Samples from Khoisan hunter-gatherers in South Africa were particularly revealing—perhaps not surprising, as the Khoisan have some of the oldest paternal and maternal lineages among modern humans.
    The team found that a population that had probably originated in eastern Africa split about 150,000 years ago. One group went south, the other northeast.

     

    Humankind "remained apart for nearly a hundred thousand years and then about 40,000 years ago, [then] reunited to become part of a single pan-African population," said Doron Behar, a Genographic associate researcher based at Rambam Medical Center in Haifa, Israel.

     

    We Almost Didn't Make It

     

    While it is not fully clear why the populations split in the first place, climate change may have played a role, the researchers say. (Related: "Did Climate Change Trigger Human Evolution?" [February 2, 2006].)

    "There seems to have been some major climatic events that probably contributed to the separation," said Wells, pointing to evidence that Lake Malawi, in what is now Mozambique, went through a series of severe droughts during that time.

    "The population size was driven down to probably as low as 2,000 individuals, perhaps—just a few hundred individuals in each population," Wells added.

    "We were on the brink of extinction."

    Once the rough climatic conditions let up, the populations apparently expanded and ultimately moved out of Africa—perhaps helped by the new tools and technologies of the late Stone Age.

    Often Overlooked

    Colin Groves is an anthropologist at the Australian National University in Canberra.

    He says the findings "remind us that, before the spread of Homo sapiens out of Africa, things were nonetheless going on within Africa, involving population splits.

    "Human diversity within Africa is fascinating, and with the previous focus on non-African peoples, it has tended to be overlooked or forgotten," he added.

    But archaeologist Peter Forster says, "The conclusions do not strike me as being particularly new.

    "We published along these lines since 1997. But it's good to know that independent analyses come to similar conclusions."

    Like the Genographic scientists, Forster, of Britain's Anglia Ruskin University, has analyzed mitochondrial DNA to study human migrations out of Africa.

    Medical Potential?

    Though the new findings are not intended for medical use, an outside expert suggested that they may have medical potential.

    "This [study] will be used as a reference for future genetic research on African populations, including disease studies," said Antonio Torroni, a geneticist at the University of Pavia in Italy, who was not involved in the new research.

    "It is essential not only for reconstructing the history of specific African populations, but it is also an essential requirement for reliable association studies between various mitochondrial DNA [lineages] and complex disorders linked to aging, athletic performances, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease."
     
     http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080424-humans-extinct.html 

    ===========================

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  •  04-27-2008, 3:35 PM

    Re: THE GENOGRAPHIC PROJECT

    Piers Anthony (a mostly scifi fantasy writer) covers most of this in the first few chapters of each "geodyssey" novel. They are still works of fiction but remarkably well researched. and each novel covers the evolution theories from pre-man (ape like no language) to near future. Stepping on each major (and some minor) turning point.

    OR

    Doesn't matter what they say they find the Earth is only 6000 years old and we were all one species till some moron named Nebuchadnezzer decided he wanted to build a tower so he could touch the face of God. God valuing his privacy said "You will not either" and invented many languages so we couldn't understand each other and work together. Those sharing the same or similar language wandered off together. Thats why the French swear using biblical terms and why legislated bilingualism is both "of the devil" and proof our country is not a "God fearing" one. (tongue planted firmly in cheek) Stick out tongue [:P]






    Your post was deleted by Paladin.Reason: get off the forum
    You are banned, going for walks in peaceful places is bannable now
    Paladin wrote:
    I will also be making an official report with the Police.That was a Threat.Be prepared for the consequences.

  •  04-27-2008, 5:13 PM

    Re: THE GENOGRAPHIC PROJECT

    This stuff facinates me. As soon as I can afford it, I plan to send for one of those Kits.
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  •  04-28-2008, 11:09 AM

    Re: THE GENOGRAPHIC PROJECT

    So a question for you, or anyone eager to get involved with the project... Again from an "I don't understand the relevence" point of view.

    Does it (and if so why does it matter to YOU (each individual that cares to answer)) what rock , puddle , or tree stump we oozed out from under ? Even if we are just trying to get back to the first Homo- does it have an effect on your personal world what valley we climbed up from or what plain we ran on ?

    I know I take great personal pride in knowing that my ancestors probably pillaged (and other nasty things) half the world (I'm Viking) but really further back than that (and even that far back cause really I don't call myself conqueror of Scotland and Ireland, killer of the Beothuk Indians, etcetera) really I can't see the usefullness of the knowledge. *shrug* enlighten me please.


    Your post was deleted by Paladin.Reason: get off the forum
    You are banned, going for walks in peaceful places is bannable now
    Paladin wrote:
    I will also be making an official report with the Police.That was a Threat.Be prepared for the consequences.

  •  04-29-2008, 8:17 PM

    Re: THE GENOGRAPHIC PROJECT

    I will answer to this as soon as I can, my PC is on the fritz, so bare with me.  
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  •  04-30-2008, 12:08 AM

    Re: THE GENOGRAPHIC PROJECT

    Paladin wrote:
    I will answer to this as soon as I can, my PC is on the fritz, so bare with me.  


    Umm I didn't think you were into that kind thing. I was using Homo- purely in the manner of homo-habilis, homo-erectus, or homo-sapiens.

    Awwww what they hey it's been a while and you seem sweet Wink [;)]  laughing [laughing]


    Your post was deleted by Paladin.Reason: get off the forum
    You are banned, going for walks in peaceful places is bannable now
    Paladin wrote:
    I will also be making an official report with the Police.That was a Threat.Be prepared for the consequences.

 

 

 

 

 

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